Review Article: Liver Transplantation for Acute Liver Failure- Indication, Prioritization, Timing, and Referral

نویسندگان

چکیده

Acute liver failure (ALF) is a major success story in gastroenterology, with improvements critical care and transplant resulting significant patient outcomes the current era compared to dismal survival rates pretransplant era. However, ever-increasing list of candidates limited organ pool makes judicious selection use mandatory achieve good prevent wastage. Several scoring systems exist facilitate identification patients who need would therefore an early referral specialized unit. The timing also crucial as transplanting too lead those recover spontaneously receiving (wastage), late decision might result becoming unfit for (delisted) or have advanced disease which poor post-transplant outcomes. article reviews indications contraindications ALF patients, various prognostic systems, etiology-specific outcomes, prioritization referral. potentially fatal complication severe hepatic illness. Most definitions define by presence encephalopathy coagulopathy—International normalized ratio (INR) > 1.5 prothrombin time >15 s) without pre-existing disease. may be classified based on differences interval between onset symptoms encephalopathy, has significance (Table 1).1Shalimar Acharya Subrat K. Lee William M. Worldwide acute failure.in: Critical Care Liver Failure. Future Medicine Ltd, 2013: 32-46http://www.futuremedicine.com/doi/abs/10.2217/ebo.12.326Date accessed: May 15, 2016Crossref Google ScholarTable 1Classification Based Interval Between Jaundice Encephalopathy.O'Grady System2O'Grady J.G. Schalm S.W. Williams R. failure: redefining syndromes.Lancet. 1993; 342: 273-275https://doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(93)91818-7Abstract PubMed Scopus (791) ScholarWeeks from jaundice encephalopathyHyperacute0–1Acute1–4Subacute4–12Bernuau System3Bernal W. 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Fulminant subfulminant causes.Semin 1986; 6: 97-106https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1040593Crossref (532) earliest theoretical possibility transplantation (LT) considered National Institutes Health consensus 1983.11National health development conference statement: transplantation--june 20-23, 1983.Hepatol Baltim Md. 1984; 4: 107S-110SCrossref (259) This followed several single-center experiences LT but no randomized controlled trials.12Chapman R.W. Forman D. Peto Smallwood failure?.Lancet. 1990; 335: 32-35https://doi.org/10.5555/uri:pii:0140673690901504Abstract (0) All these studies concluded received urgent transplants had better than did not receive transplants. overall such were worse elective end-stage disease.13Donnelly Hayes P.C. changing face assessment status implications future practice.Liver Transplant. 2016; 22: 527-535https://doi.org/10.1002/lt.24403Crossref Scholar,14Germani G. Theocharidou E. Adam al.Liver Europe: over 20years ELTR database.J 2012; 57: 288-296https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2012.03.017Abstract (164) 2Etiologies Failure.6Acharya ScholarEtiologies FailureExamplesViral HepatitisHepatitis A, B, C, D, E, Cytomegalovirus, Epstein–Barr Virus, Herpes Simplex, Varicella Zoster, AdenovirusDrug-inducedAcetaminophen (APAP), Isoniazid, Ketoconazole, MDMA (Ecstasy), Nitrofurantoin, Rifampin, Herbal medicationsAutoimmune Hepatitis–Metabolic DiseaseWilson's DiseaseVascular Diseases LiverBudd-Chiari Syndrome, Veno-occlusive liverPregnancy-related failureAcute fatty pregnancy, Pre-eclampsia (HELLP syndrome)Malignant infiltrationBreast cancer, small cell lung lymphoma, melanoma, myelomaToxin exposureMushroom, rat poison, toxic agentsMiscellaneousPartial hepatectomy, heat stroke, sepsis, hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosisMDMA, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine; HELLP, Hemolysis, elevated enzymes, low platelets MDMA, Current guidelines advocate center should contacted at stage all having plans place transfer expert arise.4Polson Scholar,15Wendon Cordoba Dhawan A. al.EASL Clinical Practical Guidelines (fulminant) failure.J 2017; 66: 1047-1081https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2016.12.003Abstract (405) Network Organ Sharing (United America) recognizes unique terms mortality. designates “Status 1”, highest priority list.16McDiarmid S.V. Goodrich N.P. Harper A.M. Merion R.M. 1: consequences intentions.Liver 13: 699-707https://doi.org/10.1002/lt.21125Crossref (25) Patients 1” usually admitted intensive unit either renal (on hemodialysis) respiratory mechanical ventilation) INR>2 within weeks initial These likely survive period >7 days.17Martin P. DiMartini Feng S. Brown Fallon Evaluation adults: 2013 practice guideline American association study society transplantation.Hepatology. 2014; 59: 1144-1165https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.26972Crossref (549) By virtue their listing, bypass chronic illnesses (who been longer duration). Although listing does guarantee transplant, waiting times 48–72 h organ.18Nephew L.D. Zia Z. Ghabril al.Sex disparities waitlisting failure.JHEP 3100200https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhepr.2020.100200Abstract Scholar,19Lee Squires R.H. Nyberg S.L. Doo Hoofnagle J.H. summary workshop.Hepatology. 2008; 1401-1415https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.22177Crossref (542) accounted 8% (1988–2009) 3.9% orthotopic (1995–2005).13Donnelly Scholar,20Adam Karam V. Delvart al.Evolution results Europe. A report European Transplant Registry (ELTR).J 675-688https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2012.04.015Abstract (619) past 3 decades, there improvement medicine translated into higher transplant-free (TFS) almost 50% ALF.21Koch D.G. Tillman H. Durkalski Reuben Development model predict failure.Clin 14: 1199-1206.e2https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2016.03.046Abstract (61) 1- 5-year after 79% 72%, respectively; continues TFS rates. recent indicate LT, some improve only.14Germani 1995 indicated 20% transplanted unnecessarily.22Lake J.R. Sussman N.L. 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Among etiologies, E predominant, cytomegalovirus, varicella zoster virus, herpes simplex Dengue virus less common. effective vaccination against B led reduction incidence, important south Asia.26Jayaraman Y.Y. Chan W.K. Mahadeva Epidemiological conditions Asia West.JGH Open. 332-339https://doi.org/10.1002/jgh3.12275Crossref (10) Less 5% HBV infection progress 25%.27Xiong Q.F. Xiong Huang Zhong Y.D. Wang H.L. Yang Y.F. Early progression failure.PLoS One. 13e0201049https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0201049Crossref (6) Scholar,28Ichai Samuel Management B.Curr Infect Dis 25https://doi.org/10.1007/s11908-019-0682-9Crossref availability oral nucleos(t)ide analogs provides opportunity intervention injury, preventing ALF. still HBV-ALF Hepatitis E-related ALF.29Patterson Hussey H.S. Abdullahi L.H. al.The epidemiology viral-induced systematic protocol.BMJ 9e029819https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029819Crossref Scholar,30Shalimar Kedia Gunjan due associated patients.Dig Sci. 62: 1058-1066https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-017-4461-xCrossref HBV-ALF, 88.0% 85.0%, respectively 3).31Jung D.H. Hwang Lim Y.S. comparison A-related versus B-related recipients.Clin 32e13140https://doi.org/10.1111/ctr.13140Crossref (8) 3Available Data Transplant-free Survival Post-LT Etiology.AuthorEtiologyTransplant free survivalSurvival post-Liver Transplant1-year5-yearLee 19Lee ScholarJung 31Jung ScholarTaylor 34Taylor Davern Munoz al.Fulminant States: outcomes.Hepatology. 2006; 44: 1589-1597https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.21439Crossref (145) ScholarHepatitis A57–69%69%69%Lee ScholarXiong 27Xiong ScholarIchai 28Ichai B25%88%85%Shalimar 30Shalimar E55.1%NANAWong 25Wong ScholarAcetaminophen related65%NANAKumar 44Kumar Shalimar Bhatia al.Antituberculosis therapy–induced magnitude, profile, outcome.Hepatology. 2010; 51: 1665-1674https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.23534Crossref (120) ScholarAnti tubercular related29.6%NANAWong ScholarReuben 42Reuben Koch Drug-induced U.S. Multicenter, prospective study.Hepatol 52: 2065-2076https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.23937Crossref (513) ScholarOther drug/agent27.1%75.6–92.6%60%Wong ScholarFutagawa 48Futagawa Y. 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ژورنال

عنوان ژورنال: Journal of clinical and experimental hepatology

سال: 2023

ISSN: ['0973-6883', '2213-3453']

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jceh.2023.01.008